In an ancient vascular plant the intermediate relaxing component of NPQ depends on a reduced stroma: Evidence from dithiothreitol treatment

In plants, the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) induced by high light reveals the occurrence of a multiplicity of regulatory processes of photosynthesis, primarily devoted to photoprotection of photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII). The study of NPQ relaxation in darkness allows the separation of three kinetically distinct phases: the fast relaxing high-energy quenching qE, the intermediate relaxing phase and the nearly non-relaxatable photoinhibitory quenching. Several processes can underlie the intermediate phase. In the ancient vascular plant Selaginella martensii (Lycopodiophyta) this component, here termed qX, was previously proposed to reflect mainly a photoprotective energy-spillover from PSII to PSI. It is hypothesized that qX is induced by an over-reduced photosynthetic electron transport chain from PSII to final acceptors. To test this hypothesis the leaves were treated with the reductant dithiothreitol (DTT) and the chlorophyll fluorescence changes were analysed during the induction with high irradiance and the subsequent relaxation in darkness. DTT treatment caused the well-known decrease in NPQ induction and expectedly resulted in a disturbed photosynthetic electron flow. The relaxation curves of Y(NPQ), formally representing the quantum yield of the regulatory thermal dissipation, revealed a DTT dose-dependent decrease in amplitude not only of qE, but also of qX, up to the complete disappearance of the latter. Modelling of the relaxation curves under alternative scenarios led to the conclusion that DTT is permissive with respect to qX induction but suppresses its dark relaxation. The strong dependence of qX on the chloroplast redox state is discussed with respect to its proposed energy-spillover photoprotective significance in a lycophyte.