High throughput array technologies: Expanding applications from clinics to applied research

The electronic micro-nanoarray technology is providing accountable contribution in field of clinical diagnosis and biological research [1]. Currently, based on fine tools and aid supported by nanotechnology and nanochip patterning advancement [2,3], micro-nanoarray is revolutionizing molecular biology and genetics research. Utilizing best optical detection methods and DNA chemistry detecting changes in genomics/transcriptomics and more challenging, proteomics via hybridization and fine optical detection at nanochip, micro-nanoarray technology going beyond the expectation in the field of current research. Henceforth this technology is delivering the best output to look into individual gene and its subsequent mutation that affects population towards debilitating neurological disorders and imposes genetic susceptibility in disease prognosis [4]. Recently, based on the advances in machine learning, there has been tremendous spurge in the field of micro-nanorobotics to complex data analysis revealing new insight into fundamental biology [5-8]. In this regard, potential application set forth by electronic micro-nanoarray ranges in detecting point mutations to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human genome relevant to disease diagnosis in oncogene SNParray, indications to predisposition of cancer to population, responses to chemotherapeutics and associated toxicity helping out best way cancer treatment and diagnosis. Other associated partners benefiting maximum with electronic micro-nanoarray technology are neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer diseases (AD), Parkinson (PD) and multiple Sclerosis (MS) [9]. In past few years genetic susceptibility in Neurodegenerative disorders, Venous Leg ulcer (VLU) and Cardio vascular diseases associated with Iron over load gene polymorphism (MMPs, HFE, FPN, HEPC, Tf etc.) had recalled much interest of clinicians and researches to evaluate genetic susceptibility associated with polymorphic gene profile. Electronic micro-nanoarray contributed a lot in this view as quick and accurate assessment of genetic eclipse if any on pathophysiology of diseases. micro-nanoarray by definition comprises, exact point placement of numerous DNA samples on the smallest area. For this, oligonucleotides, which represent the genes to be examined, are placed with high precision onto a glass slide (spotting). In the hybridization process that follows, these oligonucleotides identify and link the corresponding structure in the sample. The components of a complete system can be divided into three parts as given blow in Figure 1 sample preparation, array generation and sample analysis.