The neuropeptide Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its receptor (NOP) play a pathogenic role in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This thesis work tried to address two different and unresolved questions related to the role of the N/OFQ-NOP system in PD. The first, and perhaps more relevant, is whether endogenous N/OFQ contributes to the death of dopamine neurons of substantia nigra compacta, the hallmark of PD. Using pathogenic and etiologic models of PD, we were able to demonstrate that genetic removal or pharmacological blockade of the NOP receptor had a beneficial impact on the parkinsonian neurodegeneration, causing a significant sparing of nigral dopamine neurons and striatal dopamine terminals. The second aspect investigated is whether NOP receptor stimulation prevents the sensitization of striatal neurons to levodopa, a process that underlies the development of dyskinesia, a severe motor complication associated with long term levodopa pharmacotherapy of PD. Using the novel, potent and selective NOP receptor full agonist AT-403, we were able to show that NOP receptor stimulation attenuates the development of abnormal involuntary movements (the rodent correlate of dyskinesia) induced by chronic levodopa administration in 6-OHDA hemilesioned rats (a model of PD), and also attenuates the expression of dyskinetic movements induced by acute levodopa challenge in already dyskinetic rats. Nonetheless, this effect was accompanied by a dose-dependent sedation which narrowed the therapeutic window of the compound. Other two potent NOP agonists tested along the study, the full agonists AT-390 and the partial agonist AT-127, confirmed that the antidyskinetic and the sedative dose-ranges partially overlap. In conclusion, this study confirms the role of N/OFQ in PD, and the NOP receptor as a promising target in PD therapy. It provides the first evidence of a neuroprotective/neurorescue effect of a NOP receptor antagonist, suggesting this class of compounds might prove effective not only as symptomatic but also disease-modifying agents in PD therapy.
Il neuropeptide nocicettina/orfanina FQ (N / OFQ) ed il suo recettore (NOP) svolgono un ruolo patogenetico nella malattia di Parkinson (PD). Questo lavoro di tesi ha cercato di affrontare due questioni diverse e irrisolte legate al ruolo del sistema N/OFQ-NOP nel PD. Il primo, e forse più rilevante, è se N/OFQ endogena contribuisca alla morte dei neuroni dopaminergici della substantia nigra compacta, il segno distintivo del PD. Utilizzando modelli genetici ed etologici di PD, siamo stati in grado di dimostrare che la rimozione genetica ed il blocco farmacologico del recettore NOP hanno un impatto positivo sulla neurodegenerazione parkinsoniana, causando un risparmio significativo dei neuroni dopaminergici della sostanza nera e dei terminali dopaminergici striatali. Il secondo aspetto indagato è se la stimolazione del recettore NOP impedisce la sensibilizzazione dei neuroni striatali alla terapia con levodopa, un processo che è alla base dello sviluppo delle discinesie, una grave complicazione motoria associata alla terapia cronica con levodopa. Utilizzando il nuovo, potente e selettivo agonista pieno del recettore NOP AT-403, siamo stati in grado di dimostrare che la stimolazione del recettore NOP attenua lo sviluppo di movimenti anomaly involontari (il correlato delle discinesie nei roditori) indotti dalla somministrazione cronica di levodopa nei ratti emilesionati con 6-OHDA (un modello di PD), e attenua anche l'espressione dei movimenti discinetici indotti da somministrazione acuta di levodopa in ratti già discinetici. Tuttavia, questo effetto è stato accompagnato da una sedazione dose-dipendente, che restringe la finestra terapeutica del composto. Altri due potenti agonisti del recettore NOP testati nel corso dello studio, l’agonista completo AT-390 e l'agonista parziale AT-127, hanno confermato che l’effetto antidiscinetico e quello sedativo si sovrappongono parzialmente. In conclusione, questo studio conferma il ruolo di N/OFQ nel PD, e conseguentemente il recettore NOP come bersaglio promettente nella terapia del PD. Infatti, fornisce la prima evidenza di un effetto neuroprotettivo di un antagonista del recettore NOP, suggerendo come questa classe di composti potrebbe rivelarsi efficace non solo per alleviare i sintomi, ma anche come agenti in grado di modificare il corso della malattia.
N/OFQ and the NOP receptor: a target with broad potential in Parkinson’s Disease
ARCURI, Ludovico
2016
Abstract
The neuropeptide Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and its receptor (NOP) play a pathogenic role in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This thesis work tried to address two different and unresolved questions related to the role of the N/OFQ-NOP system in PD. The first, and perhaps more relevant, is whether endogenous N/OFQ contributes to the death of dopamine neurons of substantia nigra compacta, the hallmark of PD. Using pathogenic and etiologic models of PD, we were able to demonstrate that genetic removal or pharmacological blockade of the NOP receptor had a beneficial impact on the parkinsonian neurodegeneration, causing a significant sparing of nigral dopamine neurons and striatal dopamine terminals. The second aspect investigated is whether NOP receptor stimulation prevents the sensitization of striatal neurons to levodopa, a process that underlies the development of dyskinesia, a severe motor complication associated with long term levodopa pharmacotherapy of PD. Using the novel, potent and selective NOP receptor full agonist AT-403, we were able to show that NOP receptor stimulation attenuates the development of abnormal involuntary movements (the rodent correlate of dyskinesia) induced by chronic levodopa administration in 6-OHDA hemilesioned rats (a model of PD), and also attenuates the expression of dyskinetic movements induced by acute levodopa challenge in already dyskinetic rats. Nonetheless, this effect was accompanied by a dose-dependent sedation which narrowed the therapeutic window of the compound. Other two potent NOP agonists tested along the study, the full agonists AT-390 and the partial agonist AT-127, confirmed that the antidyskinetic and the sedative dose-ranges partially overlap. In conclusion, this study confirms the role of N/OFQ in PD, and the NOP receptor as a promising target in PD therapy. It provides the first evidence of a neuroprotective/neurorescue effect of a NOP receptor antagonist, suggesting this class of compounds might prove effective not only as symptomatic but also disease-modifying agents in PD therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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