Wild edible plants had been a crucial source of food for people, especially in rural areas, not only in the distant past but also during more recent times of war. The term stinging nettle is referred to the collection of herbaceous plants belong to the genus Urtica L., of the Urticaceae family, growing throughout the temperate regions. Perennial Urtica dioica is widespread in Europe, North Africa, Asia, North and South America and is mainly known and studied in the textile and phytotherapic industry [1]. Stinging nettle could represents a valuable biomass source for several natural products, with most promising application in the food/feed, medicinal, cosmetic and fibre sectors. The presence of several active compounds in stinging nettle give scientific justification to traditional folk uses of the plant. In addition, agronomic characteristics make the nettle a cultivation with low environmental impact and potentially suitable for areas currently uncultivated [2]. The aim of the research project is to evaluate the plant Urtica dioica, a wild edible green, as new functional food and ingredient for the preparation of new functional foods. Functional foods are natural or processed foods commonly present in the diet, which contain bioactive compounds able to improve health status or reduce the risk of chronic disease [3,4]. The nutritional characterization of wild nettle leaves of Emilia Romagna region has highlighted the good content of protein and of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese, essential elements about different physiological functions. The study of antioxidant properties has shown the influence of the geographical area of origin, indicating a significant impact of the vegetative stage on the biosynthesis and accumulation of compounds with antioxidant activity. The use of stinging nettle in the food industry necessarily involves standardization of the raw material from the nutritional quality and food security points of view. It is not feasible the use of spontaneous growth plants, but it is must be provided the development of cultivation protocols. In cooperation with the Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CRA-CIN) of Rovigo was created an experimental plot for the study of agronomic growing conditions of the two most common varieties of nettle in Italy, U. dioica and U. urens. The agronomic assessment of the two varieties showed that U. dioica 2 possess the best features to be proposed at cultivation level in order of the exploitation of the aerial parts for food purposes. Two classes of secondary metabolites with nutraceutical properties were studied in the leaves of U. dioica: the characterization and quantification of major phenolic compounds and carotenoids were carried out in order to assess the influence of vegetative stages on the balsamic period. Major phenolic compounds identified in the leaves of U. dioica belong to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic acid and caffeoylmalic acid) and flavonols (rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol 3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside). Among these, chlorogenic and caffeoylmalic acids and rutin represent the 90% of the total content. As regard the carotenoids contents, lutein and β-carotene were identified in the leaves of U. dioica. The flowering stage was the best time for the collection of the leaves to obtain a raw material rich in polyphenols and carotenoids, which may give functional properties to foods product. Recently the nettle was reintroduced in the food industry, in particular as innovative ingredient in the production of special pasta. Pasta is a staple food in many countries and is a good source of complex carbohydrates and a moderate source of protein and vitamins [5]. It is also considered an adequate vehicle for food supplementation with minerals, proteins, and many other valuable healthy components [5–7]. The study of nettle utilization in food industry was carried out with the aim to evaluate the conveyance of nutrients from U. dioica leaves to pasta, analysing their effect on antioxidant activity, polyphenols and carotenoids content, as well as the cooking impact on these compounds. The results highlight how using nettle the final product shows an increase in total protein amount and total mineral fraction. Pasta fortified with nettle had a significantly increased content of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. Moreover, in fortified products there is an increase of the total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The major phenolics compound (chlorogenic acid, caffeoylmalic acid and rutin) are effectively maintained in the final product from which are traceable and quantifiable; these molecules are not present in non-fortified pasta, so are unique constituents of pasta enriched with nettle. Lutein and β-carotene are carotenoids present in nettle leaves, however, are also detectable in the semolina, the main constituent of pasta, and in the egg, ingredient for the production of dry and fresh pasta at the industrial level. The fortification with nettle cause an increase in the amount of both lutein and β-carotene in the finished product. The study of the influence of the cooking on the content of phenolic compounds and carotenoids led to determine the quantities really ingested following the enriched-pasta consumption. The loss of phenolic compounds caused by cooking was inversely proportional to the percentage of bound forms, typical of each phenols. 3 Traditional pasta is a rather poor source of physiologically active compounds; thus, fortification of pasta with phenol-rich ingredients, like nettle leaves, is a technological treatment which could be used to increase the healthy quality of this product and enrich the diet with important minerals and compounds with potential beneficial effects such carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds is not sufficient to have a clear nutritional evaluation of food products: the in vivo effects depend not only on their concentrations in the food matrices, but also on their bioaccessibility and bioavailability after ingestion. Bioavailability is defined as the proportion of an antioxidant that is digested, absorbed, and utilized in normal metabolism; bioaccessibility is a commonly used term defined as the amount of an ingested nutrient that is available for absorption in the gut after digestion. In these terms, the bioavailability strictly depends on the bioaccessibility [8,9]. The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and carotenoids of nettle leaves was evaluated by developing and applying an in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal model in order to simulate the intake and the digestion of some nettle-based food products. Transepithelial transport efficiencies at the level of small intestine was investigated using Caco-2 cells monolayer model. This part of the work was performed at the "Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology" of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia. Chlorogenic acid, caffeoylmalic acid and rutin are bioaccessible during all phases of digestion with maximum values at the end of duodenal phase: chemical structure of each compound and the type of food matrix have a significant impact on kinetics of release and solubilisation in the gastrointestinal fluids. The study of the duodenal transepithelial transport highlights the general low bioavailability of nettle phenols with the consequence reaching of these compounds in the large intestine. The role of colonic microflora metabolism needs to be fully examined in order to evaluate the impact on phenolic rich diets on diversity and functionality of large intestine microbiota. The physiological mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols are subject of many studies [10–12]. Moreover, the impact of these molecules directly in the gastrointestinal tract is of increasing interest [13]. For these reasons, in this research project was also investigated the radical scavenging activity of simulated gastrointestinal fluid against superoxide anion radical using the Photochem® system. The results confirm that the assumption of foods rich in polyphenols contributes to create an antioxidant environment that could counteracting postprandial oxidative stress in the entire gastrointestinal tract, with potentially health benefits. The intake of pasta enriched with dried nettle leaves instead of traditional pasta cause a significant increasing of antioxidant capacity of gastrointestinal lumen from stomach to large intestine. 4 Lutein and β-carotene, showed less bioaccessibility compare to phenolic compounds, due to them lower solubility in the gastrointestinal fluids. In nettle-enriched pasta there is an increase of the content of carotenoids, however, the fiber fraction due to the presence of nettle decreases the bioaccessibility; this is probably due to the presence of the fibers that obstruct the formation of micelles in the small intestine. Nettle (U. dioica) is a wild plant that could be introduce at the level of cultivation with potential multiple use. Regarding the food industry, leaves possess an important nutritional value that could be exploited in the development of foods with functional properties and health benefits.

Le piante alimurgiche sono piante erbacee spontanee che, soprattutto in passato, rappresentavano una fondamentale risorsa alimentare per le popolazioni locali, soprattutto rurali. Con il termine Ortica si fa riferimento all’insieme di piante erbacee appartenenti al genere Urtica L., famiglia delle Urticaceae, diffuse in maniera pressoché ubiquitaria nelle regioni temperate. La specie maggiormente diffusa è la perenne U. dioica distribuita in Europa, Nord Africa, Asia, Nord e Sud America [1], principalmente conosciuta e studiata nel settore tessile e fitoterapico. L’interesse riguardo allo sviluppo della coltivazione dell’ortica sta crescendo grazie alle potenzialità multisettoriali dei prodotti che si possono ricavare dalla pianta: radici, steli e foglie rappresentano la biomassa utilizzabile nei settori tessile, fitoterapico, cosmetico ed alimentare. Inoltre, le caratteristiche agronomiche rendono la pianta di ortica una coltivazione a basso impatto ambientale potenzialmente adatta per zone attualmente incolte [2]. Lo scopo del progetto di ricerca è quello di valutare la pianta Urtica dioica, utilizzata in passato a scopi fitoalimurgici, come nuovo alimento funzionale e come ingrediente per la preparazione di nuovi alimenti funzionali, definiti come prodotti alimentari comunemente presenti nella dieta che contengono componenti biologicamente attivi in grado di migliorare la salute o ridurre il rischio di malattia [3,4]. La prima parte del lavoro ha riguardato la messa a punto e l’applicazione di metodi analitici per la valutazione nutrizionale di campioni di ortica spontanea del comprensorio Emiliano-Romagnolo. La caratterizzazione bromatologica di foglie di ortica selvatica ha messo in evidenza il buon contenuto proteico e di alcuni elementi essenziali per diverse funzioni fisiologiche: calcio, magnesio, ferro e manganese. Lo studio delle proprietà antiossidanti ha evidenziato come queste siano variabili in base alla zona geografica di provenienza, indicando un’influenza significativa dello stadio vegetativo su biosintesi ed accumulo di composti ad attività antiossidante da parte della pianta. La valorizzazione a livello industriale prevede necessariamente una standardizzazione della qualità della materia prima dal punto di vista nutrizionale e della sicurezza alimentare. Per tale motivo non è proponibile l’utilizzo di piante a crescita spontanea, ma è necessario prevedere lo sviluppo di 2 protocolli di coltivazione. Grazie alla collaborazione con il Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN) di Rovigo è stato creato un campo sperimentale per lo studio agronomico delle condizioni di coltivazione e crescita delle due varietà maggiormente diffuse in Italia, U. dioica ed U. urens. La valutazione agronomica delle due varietà ha messo in evidenza che U. dioica possiede le migliori caratteristiche per essere proposta a livello di coltivazione al fine dello sfruttamento delle parti aeree a fini alimentari. Sulle foglie della specie U. dioica è stato condotto uno studio specifico sulle due classi di metaboliti secondari a proprietà nutraceutiche: i composti fenolici ed i carotenoidi sono stati caratterizzati e quantificati durante le fasi di sviluppo vegetativo con l’obiettivo di studiarne il tempo balsamico. I composti fenolici identificati nelle foglie di U. dioica appartengono ai sottogruppi degli acidi idrossicinnamici (acido clorogenico ed acido caffeilmalico) e dei flavonoli (rutina, isoquercetina, kaempferolo 3-rutinoside, kaempferolo 3-glucoside e isorhamnetina 3-rutinoside). Acido clorogenico, acido caffeilmalico e rutina rappresentano circa il 90% del contenuto totale. Per quanto riguarda i carotenoidi, nelle foglie di U. dioica sono stati identificati luteina e β-carotene. Il tempo balsamico del contenuto di polifenoli e carotenoidi si colloca durante la fase di fioritura. Questa fase risulta il momento migliore per la raccolta delle foglie destinate all’ottenimento di una materia prima ricca in questi metaboliti secondari che potrebbero conferire proprietà funzionali agli alimenti prodotti. Recentemente l’ortica è stata reintrodotta nel settore industriale alimentare, in particolare come ingrediente innovativo nella produzione di pasta alimentare speciale. La pasta è considerata un’ottima fonte di carboidrati ed una fonte moderata di proteine e vitamine [5]. Tuttavia, considerata la sua notevole diffusione in svariati regimi alimentari, la pasta può essere fortificata con specifici ingredienti per aumentarne il valore nutrizionale e renderla un alimento funzionale [5–7]. Lo studio dell’ortica come ingrediente per pasta alimentare speciale è stato condotto con la finalità di valutare l’apporto di nutrienti primari, polifenoli e carotenoidi dalla materia prima al prodotto elaborato. I risultati ottenuti mettono in evidenza come utilizzando ortica disidratata nell’impasto il prodotto finale presenti un aumento del quantitativo proteico totale e della frazione minerale totale. Nel contenuto specifico in minerali, si ha un aumento significativo del contenuto di calcio, magnesio, ferro e manganese. Lo studio specifico sui composti fenolici e sui carotenoidi in pasta alimentare speciale fortificata con ortica, posta a confronto con pasta all’uovo, indica che i composti fenolici caratteristici e predominanti nelle foglie di ortica, cioè acido clorogenico, acido caffeilmalico e rutina sono efficacemente mantenuti nel prodotto elaborato dal quale sono rintracciabili e quantificabili; queste molecole non sono presenti nella pasta non fortificata, quindi rappresentano costituenti unici della pasta all’ortica. L’aggiunta di ortica determina un aumento del contenuto polifenolico totale e si 3 riflette in un aumento significativo del potere antiossidante. Luteina e β-carotene sono carotenoidi presenti nelle foglie di ortica, tuttavia sono rintracciabili anche nella semola, costituente principale della pasta, e nell’uovo, ingrediente per la produzione di pasta secca e fresca a livello industriale. La fortificazione con ortica determina un aumento del contenuto sia di luteina sia di β-carotene nel prodotto finito. Lo studio dell’influenza della fase di cottura sul contenuto dei composti fenolici e dei carotenoidi ha portato a determinare i quantitativi realmente ingeriti in seguito al consumo di pasta all’ortica. La perdita in fase di cottura dei composti fenolici presi in considerazione è risultata inversamente proporzionale al grado di bound caratteristico di ciascuna molecola. La fortificazione di un prodotto tradizionale come la pasta, utilizzando polvere di ortica disidratata, rappresenta un trattamento tecnologico per la produzione di un alimento funzionalizzato che può contribuire ad arricchire l’alimentazione con sali minerali indispensabili all’organismo e con molecole a potenziali effetti benefici quali composti fenolici e carotenoidi. L’identificazione e la quantificazione dei composti bioattivi non è sufficiente per avere un quadro preciso dell’efficacia nutrizionale di un prodotto alimentare: diverse classi di composti, tra cui polifenoli e carotenoidi, presenti in alimenti naturali o elaborati hanno effetti potenzialmente benefici che possono essere limitati dalla scarsa e variabile biodisponibilità [8,9]. La bioaccessibilità è la frazione di una molecola che viene rilasciata dalla matrice alimentare nel tratto gastrointestinale, si solubilizza e diventa disponibile per l’assorbimento: la bioaccessibilità influenza strettamente la biodisponibilità. La bioaccessibilità dei composti fenolici e dei carotenoidi caratteristici delle foglie di ortica è stata valutata mettendo a punto ed applicando un modello gastrointestinale dinamico per simulare in vitro l’assunzione e la digestione di alcuni prodotti alimentari a base di ortica. Questa parte del lavoro è stata condotta presso il “Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology” della Universitat de València, Facultat de Farmàcia. Riguardo ai composti fenolici, i meccanismi fisiologici alla base dei potenziali effetti benefici sono tutt’ora oggetto di studi ed approfondimenti [10–12] e l’impatto di queste molecole direttamente a livello gastrointestinale è di crescente interesse [13]. Per tali motivi è stato valutato l’assorbimento dei composti fenolici a livello delle cellule epiteliali intestinali utilizzando il modello cellulare Caco-2 ed è stata misurata la capacità antiossidante dei fluidi gastrointestinali simulati nei confronti del radicale anione superossido, utilizzando il metodo della fotochemiluminescenza (Photochem®). Acido clorogenico, acido caffeilmalico e rutina risultano bioaccessibili durante tutte le fasi della digestione con i valori massimi determinati a livello dell’intestino tenue: la struttura chimica di ciascuna molecola ed il tipo di matrice influenzano significativamente la cinetica di rilascio e solubilizzazione nei fluidi gastrointestinali. Lo studio del trasporto transepiteliale condotto sui fluidi 4 duodenali simulati utilizzando il modello cellulare Caco-2, conferma che queste molecole sono scarsamente assorbite nella loro forma nativa e raggiungono perciò la flora batterica intestinale che li può utilizzare come substrato metabolico L’apporto di composti fenolici bioaccessibili dovuto al consumo di prodotti alimentari a base di ortica aumenta il potere antiossidante in tutti i compartimenti del tratto gastrointestinale: questo effetto, assieme allo studio delle potenzialità probiotiche dei composti fenolici, può portare ad importanti effetti benefici che necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti. I carotenoidi studiati, luteina e β-carotene, risultano meno bioaccessibili rispetto ai composti fenolici a causa della minor solubilità nei fluidi gastrointestinali. Nella pasta fortificata con ortica si ha un aumento del contenuto di carotenoidi, tuttavia la frazione fibrosa dovuta alla presenza di ortica ne diminuisce la bioaccessibilità, probabilmente interferendo con la formazione di micelle a livello dell’intestino tenue. L’ortica (U. dioica) è una pianta spontanea che può essere introdotta a livello di coltivazione a basso impatto ambientale con potenzialità di utilizzo multisettoriali. Riguardo al settore industriale alimentare le foglie posseggono un importante valore nutrizionale che può essere sfruttato nell’ottica dello sviluppo e della diffusione di alimenti con caratteristiche funzionali e salutistiche.

Studio di Urtica dioica come nuovo alimento funzionale

BONETTI, Gianpiero
2016

Abstract

Wild edible plants had been a crucial source of food for people, especially in rural areas, not only in the distant past but also during more recent times of war. The term stinging nettle is referred to the collection of herbaceous plants belong to the genus Urtica L., of the Urticaceae family, growing throughout the temperate regions. Perennial Urtica dioica is widespread in Europe, North Africa, Asia, North and South America and is mainly known and studied in the textile and phytotherapic industry [1]. Stinging nettle could represents a valuable biomass source for several natural products, with most promising application in the food/feed, medicinal, cosmetic and fibre sectors. The presence of several active compounds in stinging nettle give scientific justification to traditional folk uses of the plant. In addition, agronomic characteristics make the nettle a cultivation with low environmental impact and potentially suitable for areas currently uncultivated [2]. The aim of the research project is to evaluate the plant Urtica dioica, a wild edible green, as new functional food and ingredient for the preparation of new functional foods. Functional foods are natural or processed foods commonly present in the diet, which contain bioactive compounds able to improve health status or reduce the risk of chronic disease [3,4]. The nutritional characterization of wild nettle leaves of Emilia Romagna region has highlighted the good content of protein and of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese, essential elements about different physiological functions. The study of antioxidant properties has shown the influence of the geographical area of origin, indicating a significant impact of the vegetative stage on the biosynthesis and accumulation of compounds with antioxidant activity. The use of stinging nettle in the food industry necessarily involves standardization of the raw material from the nutritional quality and food security points of view. It is not feasible the use of spontaneous growth plants, but it is must be provided the development of cultivation protocols. In cooperation with the Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CRA-CIN) of Rovigo was created an experimental plot for the study of agronomic growing conditions of the two most common varieties of nettle in Italy, U. dioica and U. urens. The agronomic assessment of the two varieties showed that U. dioica 2 possess the best features to be proposed at cultivation level in order of the exploitation of the aerial parts for food purposes. Two classes of secondary metabolites with nutraceutical properties were studied in the leaves of U. dioica: the characterization and quantification of major phenolic compounds and carotenoids were carried out in order to assess the influence of vegetative stages on the balsamic period. Major phenolic compounds identified in the leaves of U. dioica belong to the classes of hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic acid and caffeoylmalic acid) and flavonols (rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol 3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside). Among these, chlorogenic and caffeoylmalic acids and rutin represent the 90% of the total content. As regard the carotenoids contents, lutein and β-carotene were identified in the leaves of U. dioica. The flowering stage was the best time for the collection of the leaves to obtain a raw material rich in polyphenols and carotenoids, which may give functional properties to foods product. Recently the nettle was reintroduced in the food industry, in particular as innovative ingredient in the production of special pasta. Pasta is a staple food in many countries and is a good source of complex carbohydrates and a moderate source of protein and vitamins [5]. It is also considered an adequate vehicle for food supplementation with minerals, proteins, and many other valuable healthy components [5–7]. The study of nettle utilization in food industry was carried out with the aim to evaluate the conveyance of nutrients from U. dioica leaves to pasta, analysing their effect on antioxidant activity, polyphenols and carotenoids content, as well as the cooking impact on these compounds. The results highlight how using nettle the final product shows an increase in total protein amount and total mineral fraction. Pasta fortified with nettle had a significantly increased content of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese. Moreover, in fortified products there is an increase of the total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. The major phenolics compound (chlorogenic acid, caffeoylmalic acid and rutin) are effectively maintained in the final product from which are traceable and quantifiable; these molecules are not present in non-fortified pasta, so are unique constituents of pasta enriched with nettle. Lutein and β-carotene are carotenoids present in nettle leaves, however, are also detectable in the semolina, the main constituent of pasta, and in the egg, ingredient for the production of dry and fresh pasta at the industrial level. The fortification with nettle cause an increase in the amount of both lutein and β-carotene in the finished product. The study of the influence of the cooking on the content of phenolic compounds and carotenoids led to determine the quantities really ingested following the enriched-pasta consumption. The loss of phenolic compounds caused by cooking was inversely proportional to the percentage of bound forms, typical of each phenols. 3 Traditional pasta is a rather poor source of physiologically active compounds; thus, fortification of pasta with phenol-rich ingredients, like nettle leaves, is a technological treatment which could be used to increase the healthy quality of this product and enrich the diet with important minerals and compounds with potential beneficial effects such carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds is not sufficient to have a clear nutritional evaluation of food products: the in vivo effects depend not only on their concentrations in the food matrices, but also on their bioaccessibility and bioavailability after ingestion. Bioavailability is defined as the proportion of an antioxidant that is digested, absorbed, and utilized in normal metabolism; bioaccessibility is a commonly used term defined as the amount of an ingested nutrient that is available for absorption in the gut after digestion. In these terms, the bioavailability strictly depends on the bioaccessibility [8,9]. The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and carotenoids of nettle leaves was evaluated by developing and applying an in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal model in order to simulate the intake and the digestion of some nettle-based food products. Transepithelial transport efficiencies at the level of small intestine was investigated using Caco-2 cells monolayer model. This part of the work was performed at the "Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology" of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia. Chlorogenic acid, caffeoylmalic acid and rutin are bioaccessible during all phases of digestion with maximum values at the end of duodenal phase: chemical structure of each compound and the type of food matrix have a significant impact on kinetics of release and solubilisation in the gastrointestinal fluids. The study of the duodenal transepithelial transport highlights the general low bioavailability of nettle phenols with the consequence reaching of these compounds in the large intestine. The role of colonic microflora metabolism needs to be fully examined in order to evaluate the impact on phenolic rich diets on diversity and functionality of large intestine microbiota. The physiological mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols are subject of many studies [10–12]. Moreover, the impact of these molecules directly in the gastrointestinal tract is of increasing interest [13]. For these reasons, in this research project was also investigated the radical scavenging activity of simulated gastrointestinal fluid against superoxide anion radical using the Photochem® system. The results confirm that the assumption of foods rich in polyphenols contributes to create an antioxidant environment that could counteracting postprandial oxidative stress in the entire gastrointestinal tract, with potentially health benefits. The intake of pasta enriched with dried nettle leaves instead of traditional pasta cause a significant increasing of antioxidant capacity of gastrointestinal lumen from stomach to large intestine. 4 Lutein and β-carotene, showed less bioaccessibility compare to phenolic compounds, due to them lower solubility in the gastrointestinal fluids. In nettle-enriched pasta there is an increase of the content of carotenoids, however, the fiber fraction due to the presence of nettle decreases the bioaccessibility; this is probably due to the presence of the fibers that obstruct the formation of micelles in the small intestine. Nettle (U. dioica) is a wild plant that could be introduce at the level of cultivation with potential multiple use. Regarding the food industry, leaves possess an important nutritional value that could be exploited in the development of foods with functional properties and health benefits.
BRANDOLINI, Vincenzo
MANFREDINI, Stefano
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