Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow. The interplay between MM-PCs and bone marrow microenvironment, including cell-cell contacts and release of pro-survival factors and extracellular vescicles (EV), promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance. At first my research was focused on the characterization of the proteomic content of EVs secreted by MM cell lines. Among them, the glycoprotein CD44 is one of the most abundant proteins and has been already associated, both in vivo and in vitro, with lenalidomide and dexamethasone resistance in multiple myeloma. The analysis of serum samples from a cohort of 200 MM patients shows that circulating CD44 carried by MM-EVs correlates with ISS stage and β2microglobulin and constitutes a potential prognostic factor, thus providing the rationale to further explore novel molecular players associated with MM disease. Despite multiple treatment options, MM is inevitably associated with drug resistance and poor outcomes. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi’s) are promising novel chemotherapeutics under evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of MM patients. Although in preclinical studies HDACi’s have proven anti-myeloma activity, in the clinics single-agent HDACi treatments have been limited due to low tolerability. We believe that HDACi could constitute a valid support if used in combination with the MM state of care. In this thesis I show that a novel pan-HDACi AR42 downregulates CD44. Moreover, the CD44 downregulation is in part mediated by miR-9-5p, targeting insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), which directly binds to CD44 mRNA and increases its stability. Importantly, we demonstrate that AR42 enhances anti-myeloma activity of lenalidomide in primary MM cells isolated from lenalidomide resistant patients and in MM mouse model. In conclusion, our observations suggest a potential novel combinatorial therapeutic approach modulating CD44 expression, which may help overcome lenalidomide resistance in myeloma patients.
Il Mieloma Multiplo (MM) e’ un tumore ematologico che colpisce le plasma cellule (PCs) nel midollo osseo. Lo scambio di informazioni tra le MM-PCs e il microambiente nel midollo osseo, tra le quali quelle dovute alle interazioni cellula-cellula, il rilascio di fattori pro-sopravvivenza e vescicole extracellulari (EV), promuove la sopravvivenza tumorale e la resistenza ai farmaci. All’inizio la mia ricerca si e’ focalizzata sulla caratterizzazione del contenuto proteico delle EVs rilasciate dalle cellule di MM. Tra tutte le protein identificate, la glicoproteina CD44 e’ una delle piu’ abbondanti ed e’ stata gia’ associata, sia in vitro che in vivo, con la resistenza del mieloma multiplo al dexamethasone e alla lenalidomide. L’analisi di 200 campioni di siero estratti da pazienti affetti da mieloma multiplo mostra che il CD44 circolante e trasportato dalle MM-EVs correla con ISS stage e i livelli di β2microglobulina e costituisce un potenziale fattore prognostico, fornendo in questo modo il razionale per successive investigazioni di nuovi biomarker associati con lo stato della malattia. Nonostante le molte opzioni terapeutiche possibili, il MM e’ inevitabilmente associato con la resistenza e la scarsa efficacia farmacologica. Gli inibitori delle istoni-deacetilasi (HDACi) costituiscono una nuova classe di chemioterapici in valutazione in trials clinici per il trattamento di pazienti affetti da mieloma multiplo. Anche se gli studi preclinici sugli HDACi hanno dimostrato la loro attivita’ anti-mieloma, nella clinica i trattamenti con gli HDACi sono purtroppo limitati a causa della loro bassa tollerabilita’. Noi crediamo che gli HDACi possano costituire un valido supporto se impiegati in combinazione con lo standard terapeutico per il mieloma multiplo. In questa tesi mostro che un nuovo panHDACi, l’AR42, abbassa l’espressione del CD44. Questa down-regolazione e’ in parte mediata dal miR-9-5p, il quale sopprime l’espressione dell’insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), uno stabizzatore dell’ RNA messaggero del CD44. Abbiamo dimostrato che l’AR42 aumenta l’attivita’ della lenalidomide sia in cellule primarie di MM isolate da pazienti refrattari al trattamento con la lenalidomide sia in modello murino di mieloma multiplo. In conclusione, i nostri dati suggeriscono una nuova potenziale combinazione terapeutica che modula l’espressione del CD44 e che potrebbe aiutare ad attenuare la resistenza alla lenalidomide nei pazienti affetti da mieloma.
The pan-HDAC inhibitor AR42 downregulates CD44 expression, a new circulating prognostic factor for multiple myeloma
CANELLA, Alessandro
2016
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow. The interplay between MM-PCs and bone marrow microenvironment, including cell-cell contacts and release of pro-survival factors and extracellular vescicles (EV), promotes cancer cell survival and drug resistance. At first my research was focused on the characterization of the proteomic content of EVs secreted by MM cell lines. Among them, the glycoprotein CD44 is one of the most abundant proteins and has been already associated, both in vivo and in vitro, with lenalidomide and dexamethasone resistance in multiple myeloma. The analysis of serum samples from a cohort of 200 MM patients shows that circulating CD44 carried by MM-EVs correlates with ISS stage and β2microglobulin and constitutes a potential prognostic factor, thus providing the rationale to further explore novel molecular players associated with MM disease. Despite multiple treatment options, MM is inevitably associated with drug resistance and poor outcomes. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi’s) are promising novel chemotherapeutics under evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of MM patients. Although in preclinical studies HDACi’s have proven anti-myeloma activity, in the clinics single-agent HDACi treatments have been limited due to low tolerability. We believe that HDACi could constitute a valid support if used in combination with the MM state of care. In this thesis I show that a novel pan-HDACi AR42 downregulates CD44. Moreover, the CD44 downregulation is in part mediated by miR-9-5p, targeting insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), which directly binds to CD44 mRNA and increases its stability. Importantly, we demonstrate that AR42 enhances anti-myeloma activity of lenalidomide in primary MM cells isolated from lenalidomide resistant patients and in MM mouse model. In conclusion, our observations suggest a potential novel combinatorial therapeutic approach modulating CD44 expression, which may help overcome lenalidomide resistance in myeloma patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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AlessandroCanella_tesi di dottorato in farmacologia e oncologia molecolare.pdf
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