Atherosclerosis is the common ground of several clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), peripheral artery occlusive disease and stroke. CVD is still one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease of the wall of medium-sized and large arteries, characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation (VSMCs) and migration, inflammation, lipid and matrix accumulation. Susceptibility to atherosclerosis is in turn influenced by interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this thesis was to unravel new potential genetic and molecular signatures of the atherosclerosis, by using an integrated approach which joins information from i) single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis in a case-control study of subjects with or without CAD, ii) microarray-based gene expression analysis on human cultured VSMCs and on carotid artery specimens, and iii) immunohistochemical analysis in carotid artery specimens. Firstly, 15 SNPs nominally associated with CAD (P< 0.1) were selected from 91 SNPs, investigated within replication of a genome-wide association study –MiGen- (510 patients with CAD and MI and 388 subjects with normal coronary arteries CAD-free). The expression levels of 71 genes proximal to the 15 tag-SNPs were evaluated by two subsequent steps of microarray-based RNA profiling, the former in VSMC populations isolated from grossly non-atherosclerotic (NP) and atherosclerotic (DP) human carotid portions, and the latter in whole carotid specimens. BCL3 and PVRL2, located on chromosome 19, and ABCA1, extensively investigated before, were found to be differentially expressed. Focusing the attention on BCL3 and PVRL2, the only couple of contiguous genes differentially expressed in the transcriptomic analysis, a total of 5 SNPs, two within BCL3 gene, Abstract Abstract 4 two within PVRL2 gene and one BCL3-PVRL2 intergenic, were genotyped within CAD-free subjects (n=393) and CAD patients without MI history (n=442). This cohort enabled to preferentially investigate the atherosclerosis pathways, rather than its acute thrombotic complication. The carriership of the BCL3 rs2965169 G allele was more represented among CAD patients and remained independently associated with CAD after adjustment for all the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, while the BCL3 rs8100239 A allele correlated with metabolic abnormalities. No significant associations were found for either PVRL2 SNPs or BCL3-PVRL2 intergenic variant. A BCL3 positive immunostaining was detected in the intima-media of atherosclerotic specimens, but not within non-atherosclerotic ones, thus indicating a correlation between BCL3 mRNA and protein levels. This thesis, which integrates GWAS data with the downstream changes in the RNA and protein levels in human arterial wall specimens, supports a role for BCL3 in atherosclerosis.
L’aterosclerosi è una patologia degenerativa e progressiva delle arterie di grosso e medio calibro, caratterizzata da disfunzione endoteliale, accumulo di lipidi, infiltrazione di linfociti, migrazione e proliferazione di cellule muscolari lisce e deposizione di matrice extracellulare nella parete vascolare, con conseguente formazione di una placca ateromasica. Il processo aterosclerotico è alla base della patogenesi della malattia cardiovascolare nelle sue diverse manifestazioni cliniche, quali la malattia coronarica (CAD), l’infarto del miocardio (MI), l’arteriopatia ostruttiva periferica e l’ictus. L’aterosclerosi e’ responsabile delle prime tre cause di mortalità e morbilità nel mondo. L’aterosclerosi è una patologia complessa, alla quale concorrono molteplici fattori genetici ed ambientali. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato l’identificazione di nuove componenti genetiche e molecolari della patologia aterosclerotica. Lo studio si e’ sviluppato a livello di DNA, RNA e proteina, applicando diverse metodologie e integrando dati ottenuti mediante: i) analisi di polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (SNPs) in soggetti con e senza CAD, ii) analisi dei livelli di espressione genica in cellule muscolari lisce vascolari (VSMCs) e in placche aterosclerotiche umane, tramite microarray e Real time PCR, iii) analisi dei livelli di proteina mediante immunoistochimica di specimens di parete arteriosa carotidea. Partendo dai dati relativi a 91 SNPs analizzati in 510 pazienti con CAD e MI e in 388 soggetti di controllo senza patologia coronarica nella fase di replicazione dello studio di associazione “genome-wide” del Consorzio MiGen, sono stati selezionati 15 SNPs associati nominalmente al CAD (P<0.1). Riassunto Riassunto 2 Per studiare la potenziale associazione di questi SNPs con il processo aterosclerotico, i livelli di espressione dei 71 geni prossimali ai 15 SNPs sono stati analizzati sia in VSMCs, che rivestono un ruolo primario nel processo aterosclerotico, sia in porzioni di parete arteriosa derivanti da interventi di endoarteriectomia carotidea. A tal fine sono state condotte due consecutive ed indipendenti analisi del trascrittoma mediante microarray, la prima in culture primarie di VSMCs isolate da placche aterosclerotiche e dalla porzione prossimale virtualmente sana, la seconda in specimens di placche carotidee e delle corrispondenti porzioni “sane”. L’analisi dei profili di espressione ha permesso di identificare tre geni differenzialmente modulati, BCL3, PVRL2 e ABCA1, quest’ultimo già ampiamente studiato in relazione alla patologia aterosclerotica. Ponendo l’attenzione ai due geni adiacenti sullo stesso cromosoma (19q13) sono stati analizzati 4 SNPS intragenici, due per BCL3 e due per PVRL2 ed uno intergenico BCL3-PVRL2 in 393 soggetti di controllo e 442 pazienti con CAD senza pregresso MI. Quest’ultima coorte è stata selezionata per poter investigare in modo preferenziale l’eventuale associazione con l’aterosclerosi piuttosto che con la sua complicanza trombotica acuta. L’analisi dei genotipi ha mostrato che i portatori dell’allele G del polimorfismo BCL3 rs2965169 erano più rappresentati tra la popolazione con CAD e l’associazione con la patologia rimaneva significativa anche dopo correzione per i tradizionali fattori di rischio cardiovascolare. L’allele A del polimorfismo BCL3rs8100239 correlava con l’indice di massa corporea, l’ipertensione e il profilo lipidico. L’ analisi della distribuzione dei genotipi non ha identificato associazioni significative con la patologia coronarica o con variabili metaboliche sia per entrambi gli SNPs di PVRL2 che per la variante intergenica BCL3-PVRL2. L’analisi immunoistochimica di placche aterosclerotiche (n=10) e di porzioni adiacenti virtualmente sane (n=5) ha evidenziato espressione della proteina BCL3 solamente nella porzione aterosclerotica, associata a VSMCs e foam cells. Nella parete vascolare aterosclerotica l’espressione del mRNA per BCL3 sembra pertanto correlare con l’espressione della proteina. Complessivamente l’approccio integrato utilizzato nello sviluppo di questa tesi supporta il coinvolgimento della proteina BCL3 nel processo aterosclerotico.
An integrated egenemic-transcriptomic approach to detect genes associated with atherosclerosis. The proto-oncogene BCL3 is a potential candidate.
MENEGHETTI, SILVIA
2015
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the common ground of several clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), peripheral artery occlusive disease and stroke. CVD is still one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease of the wall of medium-sized and large arteries, characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell proliferation (VSMCs) and migration, inflammation, lipid and matrix accumulation. Susceptibility to atherosclerosis is in turn influenced by interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this thesis was to unravel new potential genetic and molecular signatures of the atherosclerosis, by using an integrated approach which joins information from i) single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis in a case-control study of subjects with or without CAD, ii) microarray-based gene expression analysis on human cultured VSMCs and on carotid artery specimens, and iii) immunohistochemical analysis in carotid artery specimens. Firstly, 15 SNPs nominally associated with CAD (P< 0.1) were selected from 91 SNPs, investigated within replication of a genome-wide association study –MiGen- (510 patients with CAD and MI and 388 subjects with normal coronary arteries CAD-free). The expression levels of 71 genes proximal to the 15 tag-SNPs were evaluated by two subsequent steps of microarray-based RNA profiling, the former in VSMC populations isolated from grossly non-atherosclerotic (NP) and atherosclerotic (DP) human carotid portions, and the latter in whole carotid specimens. BCL3 and PVRL2, located on chromosome 19, and ABCA1, extensively investigated before, were found to be differentially expressed. Focusing the attention on BCL3 and PVRL2, the only couple of contiguous genes differentially expressed in the transcriptomic analysis, a total of 5 SNPs, two within BCL3 gene, Abstract Abstract 4 two within PVRL2 gene and one BCL3-PVRL2 intergenic, were genotyped within CAD-free subjects (n=393) and CAD patients without MI history (n=442). This cohort enabled to preferentially investigate the atherosclerosis pathways, rather than its acute thrombotic complication. The carriership of the BCL3 rs2965169 G allele was more represented among CAD patients and remained independently associated with CAD after adjustment for all the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, while the BCL3 rs8100239 A allele correlated with metabolic abnormalities. No significant associations were found for either PVRL2 SNPs or BCL3-PVRL2 intergenic variant. A BCL3 positive immunostaining was detected in the intima-media of atherosclerotic specimens, but not within non-atherosclerotic ones, thus indicating a correlation between BCL3 mRNA and protein levels. This thesis, which integrates GWAS data with the downstream changes in the RNA and protein levels in human arterial wall specimens, supports a role for BCL3 in atherosclerosis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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