Thrombosis is a multifactorial disease that may appear as arterial thrombosis and\or venous thrombosis. Several inherited and acquired risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of a thrombotic event. One of the most common genetic polymorphisms that predispose to venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the FVArg506Gln mutation (FV Leiden) which has been found to cause activated protein C resistance (APCR), a recognized risk factor for VTE. Frequent mutations in the FV gene have been found to play an important role as genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Another frequent polymorphism, FVHis1299Arg, which marks an extended haplotype (FVHR2) has also been associated with this coagulation phenotype, albeit to a lesser extent and with some inconsistency of outcome between studies. Synergic interaction between the FVL and FVHR2 alleles in increasing APCR and thrombotic risk has been reported in case–control and family studies of thrombophilia. The FV deficiency is associated with a mild-to-severe bleeding diathesis. In the last few years several FV gene mutations responsible for FV deficiency have been described. In addition, two common FV gene polymorphisms predict a slight reduction (25%) in FV levels: FVAsp2194Gly, which is part of the FVHR2 haplotype, and FVMet2120Thr. Co-inheritance of heterozygous FV deficiency with FVL enhances the APCR associated with this mutation, resulting in pseudo-homozygous APCR. The role of FV deficiency in modulating thrombotic risk in this rare condition is poorly understood. Whether co-inheritance of FVL mutation, or of FVHis1299Arg, with FV deficiency also increases the thrombotic risk is a matter of debate. The aim of our study was to observe the relation between the plasma FV levels and the APC resistance in a small cohort of subjects, most of them suffering from venous thromboembolism (VTE), and to analyze the possible role of FV mutations co-inheritance as thrombotic risk factors. We investigated the role of FV deficiency in venous thrombosis by screening Italian patients from Reggio Emilia area (in Northern Italy) for frequent thrombophilic mutations. It was enrolled a small cohort of subjects (n=103), distributed into three subgroups which, unfortunately, were not homogeneous. Preliminary data show that in the Reggio Emilia FVL heterozygosity is most likely associated with venous thrombotic events with a particular tendency to recurrence in case of discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. These preliminary observations may be suggestive of co-inheritance of FVL, or FVHis1299Arg, or other mutations such as Glu1608Lys, Arg2080Cys and Tyr1702Cys. The interest for the last three FV polymorphisms was due in particular to their geographic distribution; however, none of them have been found in enrolled patients. Despite this, for some patients, interesting aspects arose (one patient FV 506Q suffering from VTE showed nAPCR-sr = 0,83; one patient FV 506Q affected by recurrent superficial vein thrombosis, showed FV:C=50,3%; LLN value and nAPCR-sr = 0,70; one patient FV 506R suffering from idiopathic DVT has nAPCR-sr = 0,67 and FV:C=62,5%; and one patient FV 506R affected by idiopathic DVT showed FV:C=66%, LLN value), that deserve to be explored by further studies, both in the coagulation and genetics laboratories. The APC resistant phenotype, resulting from FV Leiden mutation, is fully reflected in our data (FV R506Q + VTE group and FV R506Q – VTE group have average values of nAPCR-sr 0,62 ± 0,07 and 0,62 ± 0,03 respectively). Indeed, testing the contribution of the His1299Arg change to the plasma FV phenotype we found that FV activity was significantly (t-test, P<0.05) lower in subjects heterozygous for the HR2 allele (R1R2) than in homozygous for the wild-type R1R1 allele The R2 allele, and particulary the heterozygous form, appeared with a frequency (R1R2=12,6%) similar to that expected. Of note is the presence of the homozygous form in one patient, especially considering the small sample size. Finally, investigating the distribution of the ABO blood groups genotype in the population enrolled we found that the 70% (n=30) of patients FV R506Q carriers and suffering from VTE has non-0 blood group genotype, in agreement with previous literature. Overall our observations further suggest that rare and frequent genetic conditions, both FV gene-related or involved in other biological pathways (i.e. blood group) could contribute to modulate the risk of venous thrombosis in FV Leiden carriers and in patients without major thrombophilic mutations.
La trombosi è una malattia multifattoriale che può apparire come trombosi arteriosa e/o trombosi venosa. Diversi fattori di rischio ereditari ed acquisiti sono coinvolti nella patogenesi di un evento trombotico. Uno dei polimorfismi genetici più comuni che predispongono al tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) è la mutazione FVArg506Gln (FV Leiden), responsabile della resistenza alla proteina C attivata (APCR), un fattore di rischio riconosciuto per TEV. Frequenti mutazioni nel gene del FV svolgono un ruolo importante come fattori di rischio genetici per il tromboembolismo venoso. Un altro polimorfismo frequente, FVHis1299Arg, che segna un aplotipo esteso (FVHR2) è stato associato a questo fenotipo coagulativo, seppure in misura minore e con qualche incoerenza di risultati tra gli studi condotti. L’interazione sinergica tra gli alleli FVL e FVHR2 nell’aumento della APCR e del rischio trombotico è stato segnalato in diversi studi caso-controllo e di familiarità sulla trombofilia. La carenza di FV è associato ad una lieve/grave diatesi emorragica. Negli ultimi anni sono state descritte diverse mutazioni geniche responsabili della carenza di FV. Inoltre, due comuni polimorfismi genici del FV predicono una lieve riduzione dei livelli FV (riduzione del 25%): FVAsp2194Gly, che è parte dell’aplotipo FVHR2 e FVMet2120Thr. La co-eredità in eterozigosi di deficit di FV e FV Leiden potenzia l’APCR associata a questa mutazione, risultando in una pseudo-omozigosi APCR. Il ruolo della carenza di FV nel modulare il rischio trombotico in questa rara condizione è poco conosciuta. È ancora oggetto di dibattito se la coeredità della mutazione FV Leiden, o di FVHis1299Arg, con il deficit di FV possa aumentare il rischio trombotico. Lo scopo del nostro studio è stato quello di osservare la relazione tra i livelli di FV plasmatico e la APC-resistance in una piccola coorte di soggetti, la maggior parte dei quali affetti da TEV, e di analizzare il possibile ruolo della co-ereditarietà di mutazioni del FV come fattori di rischio trombotico. Abbiamo studiato il ruolo della carenza di FV nella trombosi venosa effettuando uno screening dei pazienti italiani dalla zona di Reggio Emilia (nel Nord Italia) per le mutazioni trombofiliche frequenti. È stata arruolata una piccola coorte di soggetti (n=103), distribuita in tre sottogruppi che, purtroppo, non erano omogenei. Dati preliminari suggeriscono che nella popolazione dell’area di Reggio Emilia il riscontro di eterozigosi per il FV Leiden possa essere associata ad eventi trombotici venosi con particolare tendenza alla recidiva di malattia in caso di sospensione della terapia anticoagulante orale. Queste osservazioni preliminari possono essere indicative di una possibile co-erediarietà di FVL o FVHis1299Arg, o altre mutazioni, come Glu1608Lys, Arg2080Cys e Tyr1702Cys. L'interesse per gli ultimi tre polimorfismi del FV è dovuto in particolare alla loro distribuzione geografica; tuttavia, nessuno di essi è stato trovato nei pazienti arruolati. Nonostante questo, per alcuni pazienti, sono emersi aspetti interessanti (un paziente FV 506Q affetto da TEV ha mostrato nAPCR-sr = 0,83; un paziente FV 506Q affetto da recidiva di trombosi venosa superficiale, ha mostrato FV:C=50,3% valore LLN e nAPCR-sr = 0,70; un paziente FV 506R affetto da TVP idiopatica ha nAPCR-sr = 0,67 e FV:C=62,5%, ed un paziente FV 506R affetto da TVP idiopatica ha mostrato FV:C=66 % valore LLN), che meritano di essere esplorati da ulteriori studi, sia per quanto riguarda l’aspetto coagulativo che quello genetico. Il fenotipo dell’APCR, derivante da FV Leiden, si è pienamente rispecchiato nei nostri dati (gruppo FV R506Q + TEV e gruppo FV R506Q – TEV hanno valori medi di nAPCR-sr 0,62 ± 0,07 e 0,62 ± 0, 03 rispettivamente). Inoltre, testando il contributo della mutazione His1299Arg al fenotipo del FV plasmatico, abbiamo scoperto che l'attività di FV era significativamente (t-test, P <0,05) più bassa nei soggetti eterozigoti per l'allele HR2 (R1R2) rispetto agli omozigoti per l’allele wild-type R1R1. L'allele R2 ed in particolare la forma eterozigote, è apparso con una frequenza (R1R2 = 12,6%), simile a quella attesa. Da segnalare anche la presenza della forma omozigote in un paziente, soprattutto considerando la piccola dimensione del campione. Infine, indagando la distribuzione del genotipo ABO dei gruppi sanguigni nella popolazione arruolata, abbiamo scoperto che il 70% (n=30) dei pazienti portatori della mutazione FV R506Q e affetti da TEV ha un genotipo di gruppo non-0, in accordo con la precedente letteratura. Nel complesso, le nostre osservazioni suggeriscono inoltre che le condizioni genetiche rare e frequenti, sia correlati al gene FV o coinvolti in altri percorsi biologici (ad es. gruppo sanguigno) potrebbero contribuire a modulare il rischio di trombosi venosa nei portatori di FV Leiden e nei pazienti senza importanti mutazioni trombofiliche.
Analysis of the co-inheritance between FV Leiden and/or FVHis1299Arg and/or other mutations as a possible individual risk factor of thromboembolic venous disease (CHAMPION study).
VEROPALUMBO, Maria Rosaria
2016
Abstract
Thrombosis is a multifactorial disease that may appear as arterial thrombosis and\or venous thrombosis. Several inherited and acquired risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of a thrombotic event. One of the most common genetic polymorphisms that predispose to venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the FVArg506Gln mutation (FV Leiden) which has been found to cause activated protein C resistance (APCR), a recognized risk factor for VTE. Frequent mutations in the FV gene have been found to play an important role as genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Another frequent polymorphism, FVHis1299Arg, which marks an extended haplotype (FVHR2) has also been associated with this coagulation phenotype, albeit to a lesser extent and with some inconsistency of outcome between studies. Synergic interaction between the FVL and FVHR2 alleles in increasing APCR and thrombotic risk has been reported in case–control and family studies of thrombophilia. The FV deficiency is associated with a mild-to-severe bleeding diathesis. In the last few years several FV gene mutations responsible for FV deficiency have been described. In addition, two common FV gene polymorphisms predict a slight reduction (25%) in FV levels: FVAsp2194Gly, which is part of the FVHR2 haplotype, and FVMet2120Thr. Co-inheritance of heterozygous FV deficiency with FVL enhances the APCR associated with this mutation, resulting in pseudo-homozygous APCR. The role of FV deficiency in modulating thrombotic risk in this rare condition is poorly understood. Whether co-inheritance of FVL mutation, or of FVHis1299Arg, with FV deficiency also increases the thrombotic risk is a matter of debate. The aim of our study was to observe the relation between the plasma FV levels and the APC resistance in a small cohort of subjects, most of them suffering from venous thromboembolism (VTE), and to analyze the possible role of FV mutations co-inheritance as thrombotic risk factors. We investigated the role of FV deficiency in venous thrombosis by screening Italian patients from Reggio Emilia area (in Northern Italy) for frequent thrombophilic mutations. It was enrolled a small cohort of subjects (n=103), distributed into three subgroups which, unfortunately, were not homogeneous. Preliminary data show that in the Reggio Emilia FVL heterozygosity is most likely associated with venous thrombotic events with a particular tendency to recurrence in case of discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. These preliminary observations may be suggestive of co-inheritance of FVL, or FVHis1299Arg, or other mutations such as Glu1608Lys, Arg2080Cys and Tyr1702Cys. The interest for the last three FV polymorphisms was due in particular to their geographic distribution; however, none of them have been found in enrolled patients. Despite this, for some patients, interesting aspects arose (one patient FV 506Q suffering from VTE showed nAPCR-sr = 0,83; one patient FV 506Q affected by recurrent superficial vein thrombosis, showed FV:C=50,3%; LLN value and nAPCR-sr = 0,70; one patient FV 506R suffering from idiopathic DVT has nAPCR-sr = 0,67 and FV:C=62,5%; and one patient FV 506R affected by idiopathic DVT showed FV:C=66%, LLN value), that deserve to be explored by further studies, both in the coagulation and genetics laboratories. The APC resistant phenotype, resulting from FV Leiden mutation, is fully reflected in our data (FV R506Q + VTE group and FV R506Q – VTE group have average values of nAPCR-sr 0,62 ± 0,07 and 0,62 ± 0,03 respectively). Indeed, testing the contribution of the His1299Arg change to the plasma FV phenotype we found that FV activity was significantly (t-test, P<0.05) lower in subjects heterozygous for the HR2 allele (R1R2) than in homozygous for the wild-type R1R1 allele The R2 allele, and particulary the heterozygous form, appeared with a frequency (R1R2=12,6%) similar to that expected. Of note is the presence of the homozygous form in one patient, especially considering the small sample size. Finally, investigating the distribution of the ABO blood groups genotype in the population enrolled we found that the 70% (n=30) of patients FV R506Q carriers and suffering from VTE has non-0 blood group genotype, in agreement with previous literature. Overall our observations further suggest that rare and frequent genetic conditions, both FV gene-related or involved in other biological pathways (i.e. blood group) could contribute to modulate the risk of venous thrombosis in FV Leiden carriers and in patients without major thrombophilic mutations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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