IL CHIASMA UTOPICO. NATURALIZZAZIONE DELL'UOMO E UMANIZZAZIONE DELLA NATURA IN ERNST BLOCH

This research is dedicated to the concept of «naturalization of the man, humanization of the nature» in Ernst Bloch’s philosophy. This proposition is a chiasmus coined by Karl Marx in the Economic Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Bloch quotes this chiasmus in a lot of his works because he considers it a structural element of the Marxism, even if often disregarded by the critics. This work is articulated in three parts: In the first part we investigate the philosophical bases of chiasmus in western philosophy, from Aristotle to Feuerbach. The goal is to rebuild the history and the sense of this concept, to which it hasn’t been dedicated yet specific analysis. In particular we are going to analyse the qualitative materialism that is the oldest origin of the «naturalization of the man and the humanization of the nature». Indeed, the qualitative materialism is a part of the ancient philosophy that regards the matter like a mother who generates all the thinks and not like a deposit of resources to be consumed. The second part of this work is dedicated to the meanings of the chiasmus in Bloch’s works. We have found twelve particular acceptations of this polyhedric and indeterminate sentence: ontological, gnoseological, working, materialistic historical and dialectical, historical-philosophical, ethic, theological, ecological and geographical, artistic-pictorial, artisitc-musical, juridical, linguistic. In the third and last part we analyse the role of the chiasmus in the particular model of Bloch’s utopian thought. Indeed Bloch’s utopia is different by classical utopias, in which we can find accurate descriptions of the future. The Blochian concrete utopia is an iconoclastic utopia, that describes the present by the criticism of present injustices. In this iconoclastic background, in which the future can’t be prescribed, the Marxian chiasmus offers to Bloch some important words that break the edge of ineffable, prefiguring the utopian destination.