The social services sector has always been, by virtue of the specific features that distinguish it, the subject of doctrinal reflections and of a regulatory regime that are separate from other public services. Moreover, from a historical point, as already evidenced by the law 17 July 1890 n. 6972 (the so-called Crispi Law), the presence of private providers has always distinguished it for its particular size and arrangements in the sector. The recent importance of such activities in European Union law, whose purpose it is to promote and guarantee the competitive dynamics also in this domain, cannot fail to be affected by these said characteristics. It follows that the category of social services of general economic interest requires specific adaptations of those principles and rules developed for the broader category of services of general economic interest. The search for traces of regulatory specificity in this sector, even within supranational law, has thus been the main theme of this research. We have, in fact, tried to reflect on the impact of European Union law on nationally developed social services delivery models that provide for the involvement of privately disbursed services. All this is with particular reference to the area of freedom of establishment, the Services Directive and public contract law. This reflection, especially contained in the third chapter, has been the culmination of a journey that has developed along two directions. On the one hand, we tried to reconstruct the evolution of the very notion of social services and the legal morphology of social services in national law starting from the above mentioned Crispi law of 1890. In particular, the research has focused on the role given to private operators in the provision of welfare services on behalf of the public administration. In the first chapter we give account of the conformative impact of different constitutional provisions on these profiles (art. 2 and 3, clause 2, art. 38, last clause paragraph, but also art. 41); the effects resulting from the allocation of competences and responsabilities vis-a-vis this matter at regional and local levels; the role of the principle of horizontal subsidiarity; as well as the process of integration between social services and health services (thus becoming health-and-social services), which has led to the emergence of organizational solutions not always completely referable to those "typical" of the two original fields. For this reason, even the delivery models of health-and-social services have been analyzed in the light of EU law. On the other hand, in the second chapter, it was decided to "place" the research scope in the context of European legal system due to the necessary reference of the subject matter of social services to such system. Subject of analysis has been both the category of services of general economic interest, its evolution and all the concepts / institutions connected to it (economic importance activities, act of assignment, the mission of general interest, etc.); as well as the category, more specifically, of the social services of general economic interest. Revisiting this was an opportunity to try to systematically frame the different, and, in some ways, fragmented interventions of the European institutions regarding social services. The thread that holds together the three parts of the research consists of the constant effort to figure out what is, at the present state of play, the subtle but consistent plot that connects - more than what appears at a superficial level - disciplines that seem to be inspired by principles and values traditionally considered in contrast: solidarity and competition, social issues and market rules. If the entire European building is based on a oxymoronic statement of a “social market economy,” the investigation of the social and socio-and-health services sector has sought to show that this is in fact not oxymoronic, given that it was able to generate a regulatory fabric that is not only hybrid and complex, but which is testimony of a new regulatory dynamic ; this will hopefully be able to build a connecting bridge and not erect a wall of separation and incommunicability between values and principles considered irreconcilable.

I servizi sociali alla persona hanno da sempre costituito un settore che, in virtù delle peculiarità che li contraddistinguono, è stato oggetto di riflessioni dottrinali e di una regolamentazione distinta da altre attività di servizio pubblico. Del resto storicamente, come si evince già dalla legge 17 luglio 1890 n. 6972 (cd. Legge Crispi), anche la presenza di prestatori privati si è sempre contraddistinta per particolari dimensioni e modalità dell’intervento. La recente rilevanza di tali attività nel diritto eurounitario, in ragione dello scopo di promuove e garantire l’affermarsi di dinamiche concorrenziali anche in tale settore, non può non risentire delle rilevate peculiarità. Ne consegue che la categoria del servizio sociale di interesse economico generale richiede specifici adattamenti rispetto a principi e regole sviluppati per la più ampia categoria del servizio di interesse economico generale. La ricerca delle tracce di specificità regolativa di tale settore, anche nell’ordinamento sovranazionale, ha, dunque, costituito il filo conduttore della presente ricerca. Si è, infatti, provato a riflettere sull’incidenza del diritto eurounitario sui modelli di erogazione di servizio sociale, che prevedono il coinvolgimento di erogati privati, sviluppati al livello nazionale. Ciò con particolare riferimento alla libertà di stabilimento, alla Direttiva Servizi e al diritto dei contratti pubblici. Tale riflessione, contenuta soprattutto nel terzo capitolo, ha costituito l’approdo di un percorso che si è sviluppato lungo due direzioni. Per un verso, si è cercato di ricostruire l’evoluzione della nozione e della morfologia giuridica del servizio sociale nell’ordinamento nazionale a partire dalla richiamata legge Crispi del 1890; in particolare, la ricerca si è concentrata sul ruolo attribuito agli operatori privati nell’attività di erogazione di prestazioni assistenziali per conto dell’amministrazione pubblica. In tale parte (primo capitolo) si è dato conto dell’incidenza conformativa di diverse disposizioni costituzionali su tali profili (art. 2 e 3 comma 2, art. 38 ultimo comma, ma anche art. 41); degli effetti derivanti dall’attribuzione di competenze su tale materia a livello regionale e locale; del ruolo del principio di sussidiarietà orizzontale; nonché del processo di integrazione fra servizi sociali e sanitari (da cui i servizi socio-sanitari) che ha portato all’affermarsi di soluzioni organizzative non sempre completamente riconducili a quelle “tipiche” dei due settori originari. Per tale ragione anche i modelli di erogazione di servizi socio-sanitari sono stati oggetto di analisi alla luce del diritto UE. Per altro verso, nel secondo capitolo, si è deciso di “collocare” l’ambito della ricerca nell’ordinamento sovranazionale in ragione del necessario riferimento della materia dei servizi sociali a tale ordinamento. Oggetto di analisi è stata sia la categoria del servizio di interesse economico generale, la sua evoluzione e tutti i concetti/istituti a questa correlata (attività di rilevanza economica, atto di incarico, missione di interesse generale, etc.); sia la categoria, più specifica, del servizio sociale di interesse economico generale. Tale rivisitazione ha costituito l’occasione per cercare di inquadrare sistematicamente i diversi e, per certi versi, frammentati interventi delle Istituzioni europee riguardanti servizi sociali. Il fil rouge che tiene insieme le tre parti della ricerca, è costituito dal costante tentativo di rintracciare quale sia, allo stato attuale, la sottile ma consistente trama che collega, più di quanto appaia a uno sguardo di superficie, discipline che sembrano ispirarsi a principi e valori tradizionalmente considerati in contrasto: solidarietà e concorrenza, istanze sociali e regole di mercato. Se l’intera costruzione dell’edificio europeo si fonda su un ossimoro dichiarato, l’”economia sociale di mercato”, l’indagine del settore dei servizi sociali e socio-sanitari ha inteso dimostrare che l’ossimoro non è poi tale, posto che è stato in grado di generare non solo regolazione ibrida e complessa, ma una dinamica nuova della stessa regolazione in grado di costruire un ponte di collegamento e non di erigere un muro di separazione e incomunicabilità tra valori e principi ritenuti inconciliabili.

Pubblico e privato nei servizi sociali e socio-sanitari. Profili di diritto interno ed europeo

CARUSO, Edoardo
2016

Abstract

The social services sector has always been, by virtue of the specific features that distinguish it, the subject of doctrinal reflections and of a regulatory regime that are separate from other public services. Moreover, from a historical point, as already evidenced by the law 17 July 1890 n. 6972 (the so-called Crispi Law), the presence of private providers has always distinguished it for its particular size and arrangements in the sector. The recent importance of such activities in European Union law, whose purpose it is to promote and guarantee the competitive dynamics also in this domain, cannot fail to be affected by these said characteristics. It follows that the category of social services of general economic interest requires specific adaptations of those principles and rules developed for the broader category of services of general economic interest. The search for traces of regulatory specificity in this sector, even within supranational law, has thus been the main theme of this research. We have, in fact, tried to reflect on the impact of European Union law on nationally developed social services delivery models that provide for the involvement of privately disbursed services. All this is with particular reference to the area of freedom of establishment, the Services Directive and public contract law. This reflection, especially contained in the third chapter, has been the culmination of a journey that has developed along two directions. On the one hand, we tried to reconstruct the evolution of the very notion of social services and the legal morphology of social services in national law starting from the above mentioned Crispi law of 1890. In particular, the research has focused on the role given to private operators in the provision of welfare services on behalf of the public administration. In the first chapter we give account of the conformative impact of different constitutional provisions on these profiles (art. 2 and 3, clause 2, art. 38, last clause paragraph, but also art. 41); the effects resulting from the allocation of competences and responsabilities vis-a-vis this matter at regional and local levels; the role of the principle of horizontal subsidiarity; as well as the process of integration between social services and health services (thus becoming health-and-social services), which has led to the emergence of organizational solutions not always completely referable to those "typical" of the two original fields. For this reason, even the delivery models of health-and-social services have been analyzed in the light of EU law. On the other hand, in the second chapter, it was decided to "place" the research scope in the context of European legal system due to the necessary reference of the subject matter of social services to such system. Subject of analysis has been both the category of services of general economic interest, its evolution and all the concepts / institutions connected to it (economic importance activities, act of assignment, the mission of general interest, etc.); as well as the category, more specifically, of the social services of general economic interest. Revisiting this was an opportunity to try to systematically frame the different, and, in some ways, fragmented interventions of the European institutions regarding social services. The thread that holds together the three parts of the research consists of the constant effort to figure out what is, at the present state of play, the subtle but consistent plot that connects - more than what appears at a superficial level - disciplines that seem to be inspired by principles and values traditionally considered in contrast: solidarity and competition, social issues and market rules. If the entire European building is based on a oxymoronic statement of a “social market economy,” the investigation of the social and socio-and-health services sector has sought to show that this is in fact not oxymoronic, given that it was able to generate a regulatory fabric that is not only hybrid and complex, but which is testimony of a new regulatory dynamic ; this will hopefully be able to build a connecting bridge and not erect a wall of separation and incommunicability between values and principles considered irreconcilable.
Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza
BALANDI, Gian Guido
PELLIZZER, Franco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2386481
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