Aim of this article is to critically analyse and compare two notions of solidarity which contribute to shape the EU (and the EMU) institutional framework: solidarity among Member States (fiscal discipline and financial assistance adopted under strict conditionality in order to safeguard the financial stability of the Eurozone) and solidarity among European citizens (access to national welfare systems granted to migrant workers and other categories of persons). If Member States solidarity is clearly connected with the long-term sustainability of the integration project, solidarity among Europeans can be also intended as a strategical tool to counterbalance asymmetrical shocks in a monetary union. While the economic crisis has clearly increased intra-EU mobility, the political reaction to that mobility showed by national governments and by electorates in host States are witnessing a critical lack of transnational solidarity. Hostility towards European immigrants perceived as ‘welfare tourists’ are influencing EU institutions, inspiring, among else, restrictive judgments of the Court of Justice on the access to national welfare by non-national EU citizens. Political exploitation of public fears from disruptive mass-migration is more and more difficult to stop. The ‘European social model’, based on the duty of each Member State to open its own welfare system to ‘strangers’ coming from the EU as opposed to a system of federal transfers, is showing its limits: as the fear for the implosion of national welfare systems under the pressure of intra-EU migrations are not supported by any statistical figure, more than the ‘economic sustainability’ of mobility (inscribed in the Directive 2004/38), Europe need to build the ‘political sustainability’ of its social model. However, the ‘competitive’ model inscribed in the architecture of the Eurozone, based on competition among national economies and selfdiscipline of national fiscal policies, does not help to build such a ‘political sustainability’ of transnational solidarity, which needs European networks of national political parties and trade unions. Only with an effective federation of those collective entities and the transformation of national into European politics that will follow, we will obtain the antidote to the geopolitical cleavages which are disintegrating the EU.

L’articolo mira ad accostare criticamente le due nozioni di solidarietà caratterizzanti l’UE (e l’UEM, in particolare): la solidarietà fra stati (cristallizzata dai vincoli e agli interventi finalizzati a preservare la stabilità dell’eurozona) e quella tra cittadini europei (iscritta nel divieto di discriminare tra nazionali e non nazionali nell’accesso al welfare). Il nesso è dato dall’esigenza strutturale che, all’interno di un’unione monetaria, la mobilità del lavoro possa contribuire a compensare gli squilibri derivanti da shock asimmetrici. Tale mobilità, indubbiamente accresciutasi con la crisi, non sta trovando quella solidarietà transnazionale necessaria a supportarla, bensì un’ostilità crescente nelle opinioni pubbliche negli stati di immigrazione (Regno Unito e Germania, in testa). Le politiche restrittive nazionali stanno influenzando lo stesso diritto dell’Unione, svelando tutta la fragilità della portata emancipatrice della cittadinanza europea. Se, da un lato, non esistono dati che dimostrino un concreto rischio di sovraccarico dei sistemi di welfare nazionali a causa delle migrazioni intraeuropee, da un altro lato appare sempre più difficile da arginare lo sfruttamento politico dell’insicurezza prodotta dalla globalizzazione anche nei cittadini degli stati più ricchi. Si dimostra, così, che il c.d. ‘modello sociale europeo’, basato sul dovere degli stati di aprire i propri sistemi di welfare ai migranti europei anziché sulla creazione di reti di sicurezza federali, non ha bisogno soltanto che sia rispettata la ‘sostenibilità economica’ dei sistemi nazionali, bensì che sia creata una ‘sostenibilità politica’ di quel modello. Il che evidenzia ulteriormente l’insostenibilità di un progetto di integrazione europea incentrato su competitività tra economie nazionali e autodisciplina fiscale degli stati. Solo la strutturazione di autentiche reti politiche europee capaci di bilanciare le linee di frattura geopolitiche potrà invertire la rotta dell’autodisintegrazione intrapresa dall’UE.

Unione europea e conflitti tra solidarietà

GUAZZAROTTI, Andrea
2016

Abstract

Aim of this article is to critically analyse and compare two notions of solidarity which contribute to shape the EU (and the EMU) institutional framework: solidarity among Member States (fiscal discipline and financial assistance adopted under strict conditionality in order to safeguard the financial stability of the Eurozone) and solidarity among European citizens (access to national welfare systems granted to migrant workers and other categories of persons). If Member States solidarity is clearly connected with the long-term sustainability of the integration project, solidarity among Europeans can be also intended as a strategical tool to counterbalance asymmetrical shocks in a monetary union. While the economic crisis has clearly increased intra-EU mobility, the political reaction to that mobility showed by national governments and by electorates in host States are witnessing a critical lack of transnational solidarity. Hostility towards European immigrants perceived as ‘welfare tourists’ are influencing EU institutions, inspiring, among else, restrictive judgments of the Court of Justice on the access to national welfare by non-national EU citizens. Political exploitation of public fears from disruptive mass-migration is more and more difficult to stop. The ‘European social model’, based on the duty of each Member State to open its own welfare system to ‘strangers’ coming from the EU as opposed to a system of federal transfers, is showing its limits: as the fear for the implosion of national welfare systems under the pressure of intra-EU migrations are not supported by any statistical figure, more than the ‘economic sustainability’ of mobility (inscribed in the Directive 2004/38), Europe need to build the ‘political sustainability’ of its social model. However, the ‘competitive’ model inscribed in the architecture of the Eurozone, based on competition among national economies and selfdiscipline of national fiscal policies, does not help to build such a ‘political sustainability’ of transnational solidarity, which needs European networks of national political parties and trade unions. Only with an effective federation of those collective entities and the transformation of national into European politics that will follow, we will obtain the antidote to the geopolitical cleavages which are disintegrating the EU.
2016
Guazzarotti, Andrea
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