The Long Way to Objectify Organ Damage Related to Cocaine Abuse: Oxidative Stress is the Main Culprit

Cocaine is one of the principal drugs of abuse, it is an illegal psychostimulant, and the chronic consumption of cocaine causes damage in a range of body organs. Cocaine is known to undergo metabolism through multiple enzymatic pathways leading to the formation of several highly reactive species, which have been proposed to exert a direct toxic effect in the organs. All its metabolites may be involved in the activation of redox cycles, the depletion or decrease of antioxidant enzymes and the consequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress (OS) events, the lipid peroxidation and disruption of cellular activity, and consequently cocaine-induced organs damage. However, the exact mechanisms of cocaine-mediated toxicity in all the organs are not fully understood. This review provides extensive evidence in support of the hypothesis that oxidative metabolites play important roles comprising oxidative stress, defined as a disturbance of redox signaling and control that can cause malfunction in organs such as the brain, heart, liver, kidney and skin.