A comprehensive petrological study carried out on Ethiopian mantle xenoliths entrained in Neogene–Quaternary alkaline lavas overlying the continental flood basalt area (Dedessa River–Wollega region, Injibara-Gojam region) and from the southern Main Ethiopian Rift (Mega-Sidamo region) provides an ideal means to investigate mantle evolution from plume to rift settings. Mantle xenoliths from the plateau area (Injibara, Dedessa River) range in composition from spinel lherzolite to harzburgite and olivine websterite, showing pressure-temperature (P-T) equilibrium conditions in the range 1.3–0.9 GPa and 950–1050 °C. These xenoliths show fl at chondrite (ch)–normalized bulk-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns, with only few light (L) REE–enriched samples (LaN/YbN up to 7) in the most refractory lithotypes. Clinopyroxene (cpx) REE patterns are mostly LREE depleted (LaN/YbN down to 0.2) or enriched (LaN/YbN up to 4.4). Sr-Nd isotopes of clinopyroxene mainly show compositions approaching the depleted mantle (DM) end member (87Sr/86Sr < 0.7030; 143Nd/144Nd > 0.5132), or less depleted values (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7033–0.7034; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5129–0.5128) displaced toward the enriched mantle components that characterize the Afar plume signature and the related Ethiopian Oligocene continental flood basalts. The 3He/4He (Ra) values of olivines range from 6.6 to 8.9 Ra, overlapping typical depleted mantle values. These characteristics suggest that most xenoliths reflect complex asthenosphere-lithosphere interactions due to refertilization processes by mafic subalkaline melts that infi ltrated and reacted with the pristine peridotite parageneses, ultimately leading to the formation of olivine-websterite domains. On the other hand, mantle xenoliths from the southern Main Ethiopian Rift (Mega-Sidamo region) consist of spinel lherzolite to harzburgites showing various degree of deformation and recrystallization, coupled with a wider range of P-T equilibrium conditions, from 1.6 ± 0.4 GPa and 1040 ± 80 °C to 1.0 ± 0.2 GPa and 930 ± 80 °C. Bulk-rock REE patterns show generally fl at heavy (H) REEs, ranging from 0.1 chondritic values in harzburgites up to twice chondritic abundances in fertile lherzolites, and are variably enriched in LREE, with LaN/YbN up to 26 in the most refractory lithologies. The constituent clinopyroxenes have fl at HREE distributions and LaN/YbN between 0.1 and 76, i.e., in general agreement with the respective bulk-rock chemistry. Clinopyroxenes from lherzolites have 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7022–0.7031, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5130–0.5138, and 206Pb/204Pb = 18.38–19.34, and clinopyroxenes from harzburgites have 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7027–0.7033, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5128–0.5130, and 206Pb/204Pb = 18.46–18.52. These range between the DM and high-μ (HIMU) mantle end members. The helium isotopic composition varies between 7.1 and 8.0 Ra, comparable to the xenoliths from the plateau area. Regional comparison shows that HIMU-like alkali-silicate melt(s), variably carbonated, were among the most effective metasomatizing agent(s) in mantle sections beneath the southern Main Ethiopian Rift, as well as along the Arabian rifted continental margins and the whole East African Rift system. The different types of metasomatic agents recorded in Ethiopian mantle xenoliths from the continental fl ood basalt area and the rift systems clearly refl ect distinct tectonomagmatic settings, i.e., plume-related subalkaline magmatism and riftrelated alkaline volcanism, with the latter extending far beyond the infl uence of the Afar plume.