Endoplasmic reticulum stress and alteration in calcium homeostasis are involved in cadmium-induced apoptosis.

Cadmium, a toxic environmental contaminant, exerts adverse effects on different cellular pathways such as cell proliferation, DNA damage and apoptosis. In particular, the modulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis seems to have an important role during Cd(2+) injury, but the precise assessment of Ca(2+) signalling still remains poorly understood. We used aequorin-based probes specifically directed to intracellular organelles to study Ca(2+) changes during cadmium injury. We observed that cadmium decreased agonist-evoked endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) signals and caused a 40\% inhibition of sarcoplasmic-ER calcium ATPases activity. Moreover, time course experiments correlate morphological alterations, processing of xbp-1 mRNA and caspase-12 activation during cadmium administration. Finally, the time response of ER to cadmium injury was compared with that of mitochondria. In conclusion, we highlighted a novel pathway of cadmium-induced cell death triggered by ER stress and involving caspase-12. Mitochondria and ER pathways seemed to share common time courses and a parallel activation of caspase-12 and caspase-9 seemed likely to be involved in acute cadmium toxicity.