Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic multisystem autoimmune disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations encompassing almost all organs and tissues. The irreversible break in immunological tolerance is manifested by immune responses against endogenous nuclear antigens and the subsequent formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes. SLE has classically been considered an autoimmune disease with a predominant adaptive immune system component, since T and B cells have been considered the most important pathogenetic players. During the early inflammatory phase plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are able to internalize nucleic acids containing interferogenic immune complexes (ICs) that reach the endosomes and stimulate Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 or 9, leading to interferon (IFN)-α gene transcription. IFN-α contributes to the maturation of myeloid DCs that can activate autoreactive T cells through antigen presentation and costimulation. This favours the development of T helper 1 cells responsible for high-level production of proinflammatory cytokines and enhance B cell maturation and differentiation, antibody production, and immune complex formation. In SLE the IC and IFN-α secreting monocytes modulate interleukin (IL)-10 function. The capability of IL-10 to suppress production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6, implicated in promoting autoimmunity and tissue inflammation in SLE, is attenuated. Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator of inflammation in different pathologies. Adenosine is an ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating the G protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). The role of ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies including inflammatory damage, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In particular, A2AAR stimulation mediates inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α and increases the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Objective: To test the hypothesis that dysregulation of A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) in lymphocytes from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and to examine the correlations between the status of the ARs and the clinical parameters of SLE patients. Methods: ARs were analysed by saturation binding assays, mRNA and Western blotting analysis in lymphocytes from SLE patients regularly attending the Lupus clinic and faithfully characterized and compared with healthy subjects. The effect of A2AAR agonist in nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway and on the release of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 were tested. Results: In lymphocytes obtained from 80 SLE patients A2AARs were up-regulated if compared with 80 age-matched healthy controls while A1, A2B and A3 ARs were unchanged. A2AAR density was inversely correlated with SLE disease activity index-2000, disease activity over time evaluated accordingly to the course patterns, serositis, hypocomplementemia and anti-dsDNA positivity. A2AAR activation inhibited the NF-kB activation pathway, diminished inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β) but potentiated the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Conclusion: These data suggest the involvement of A2AARs in the complex pathogenetic network of SLE, acting as a modulatory system of the inflammatory process. It could represent a compensatory pathway to better counteract the disease activity. The A2AAR activation significantly reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing those with anti-inflammatory activity suggesting a potential translational use of A2AAR agonists in SLE pharmacological treatment.

Il Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico (LES) è il prototipo dei disordini autoimmuni sistemici caratterizzato da un ampio di presentazioni cliniche a carico di organi e tessuti. La rottura irreversibile dei meccanismi implicati nella risposta immunologica si manifesta con risposte autoimmuni nei confronti di antigeni nucleari endogeni e con la formazione di autoanticorpi e immunocomplessi (IC). Il LES è stato classicamente considerato una malattia autoimmune in cui il sistema immunitario adattativo gioca un ruolo predominante attraverso le cellule T e B fortemente implicate nel processo patogenetico. Durante la fase infiammatoria precoce le cellule dendritiche (CD) sono in grado di interiorizzare acidi nucleici contenenti complessi immunitari che raggiungono gli endosomi e stimolano il recettore Toll-like (TLR) 7 o 9 alla trascrizione genica di interferon (IFN)-α. IFN-α contribuisce alla maturazione delle CD mieloidi che possono attivare le cellule T autoreattive attraverso la presentazione dell'antigene e la costimolazione. Questo favorisce lo sviluppo di cellule T helper responsabili della produzione di citochine proinfiammatorie e stimola la maturazione e la differenziazione delle cellule B, la produzione di anticorpi, e la formazione di IC. Nel LES, inoltre, i monociti secernenti IC e IFN-α modulano attivamente la funzione di interleuchina (IL)-10. Nella malattia, peraltro, la capacità di IL-10 di sopprimere la produzione di citochine infiammatorie come fattore di necrosi tumorale (TNF)-α e interleuchina IL-6 è ridotta. Sempre maggiori evidenze sottolineano come l'adenosina svolga un ruolo attivo di regolazione locale di infiammazione in diverse patologie. L'adenosina è un nucleoside onnipresente coinvolto in varie funzioni fisiologiche e patologiche, attraverso lo stimolo dei recettori dell’adenosina (RA) A1, A2A, A2B, e A3 accoppiati a proteine G. Il ruolo dei RA è ben noto in condizioni fisiologiche e in una varietà di patologie, compresa l’infiammazione, le malattie neurodegenerative e il cancro. In particolare, la stimolazione A2AAR media l’inibizione di TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α e aumenta la produzione della citochina antinfiammatoria IL-10. Da questo background è maturato l’obiettivo dello studio di verificare l'ipotesi che un’alterazione dei recettori A1, A2A, A2B, e A3 dell'adenosina nei linfociti di pazienti con LES possa essere implicata nella patogenesi della malattia e di esaminare le correlazioni tra lo stato recettoriale ed i parametri clinici dei pazienti lupici. Metodi: I RA sono stati analizzati mediante saggi di saturazione di legame, analisi dell’mRNA e Western blotting nei linfociti di pazienti con LES, seguiti regolarmente presso la nostra clinica dedicata al Lupus e accuratamente caratterizzati, e confrontati con soggetti sani. E’ stato inoltre testato l'effetto dell’agonista A2AARs sulla via regolata dal fattore nucleare kB (NF-kB) e sul rilascio di IFN-α, sul TNF-α, interleuchina IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β e IL-10. Risultati: nei linfociti ottenuti da 80 pazienti affetti da LES i recettori RAA2A sono risultati up-regolate se confrontati con 80 controlli sani appaiati per sesso ed età, mentre A1, A2B e A3 sono rimasti invariati. La densità de RAA2A è risultata inversamente correlata con l'attività della malattia misurata attraverso lo SLEDAI index-2000 (SLE disease activity index-2000), l'attività della malattia valutata nel tempo secondo precisi modelli di decorso clinico, sierosite, ipocomplementemia e presenza di anti-dsDNA. L’attivazione dei RAA2A ha inibito la via regolata dall’NF-kB e il rilascio di citochine infiammatorie (IFN-alfa, TNFalfa, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β), mentre ha potenziato il rilascio della citochina anti-infiammatoria IL10. Conclusione: Questi dati suggeriscono il coinvolgimento dei RAA2A nella complessa rete patogenetica del LES, agendo come un sistema di modulazione del processo infiammatorio. Questo potrebbe rappresentare un percorso di compensazione per contrastare meglio l'attività della malattia. Infatti, l'attivazione dei RAA2A riduce significativamente il rilascio di citochine pro-infiammatorie e amplifica quelle con attività anti-infiammatoria suggerendo un potenziale uso traslazionale di agonisti RAA2A nel trattamento farmacologico del LES.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLE OF A2A ADENOSINE RECEPTORS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CORRELATIONS

BORTOLUZZI, Alessandra
2016

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic multisystem autoimmune disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations encompassing almost all organs and tissues. The irreversible break in immunological tolerance is manifested by immune responses against endogenous nuclear antigens and the subsequent formation of autoantibodies and immune complexes. SLE has classically been considered an autoimmune disease with a predominant adaptive immune system component, since T and B cells have been considered the most important pathogenetic players. During the early inflammatory phase plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are able to internalize nucleic acids containing interferogenic immune complexes (ICs) that reach the endosomes and stimulate Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 or 9, leading to interferon (IFN)-α gene transcription. IFN-α contributes to the maturation of myeloid DCs that can activate autoreactive T cells through antigen presentation and costimulation. This favours the development of T helper 1 cells responsible for high-level production of proinflammatory cytokines and enhance B cell maturation and differentiation, antibody production, and immune complex formation. In SLE the IC and IFN-α secreting monocytes modulate interleukin (IL)-10 function. The capability of IL-10 to suppress production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6, implicated in promoting autoimmunity and tissue inflammation in SLE, is attenuated. Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator of inflammation in different pathologies. Adenosine is an ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating the G protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). The role of ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies including inflammatory damage, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In particular, A2AAR stimulation mediates inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-α and increases the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Objective: To test the hypothesis that dysregulation of A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) in lymphocytes from patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and to examine the correlations between the status of the ARs and the clinical parameters of SLE patients. Methods: ARs were analysed by saturation binding assays, mRNA and Western blotting analysis in lymphocytes from SLE patients regularly attending the Lupus clinic and faithfully characterized and compared with healthy subjects. The effect of A2AAR agonist in nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway and on the release of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 were tested. Results: In lymphocytes obtained from 80 SLE patients A2AARs were up-regulated if compared with 80 age-matched healthy controls while A1, A2B and A3 ARs were unchanged. A2AAR density was inversely correlated with SLE disease activity index-2000, disease activity over time evaluated accordingly to the course patterns, serositis, hypocomplementemia and anti-dsDNA positivity. A2AAR activation inhibited the NF-kB activation pathway, diminished inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β) but potentiated the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Conclusion: These data suggest the involvement of A2AARs in the complex pathogenetic network of SLE, acting as a modulatory system of the inflammatory process. It could represent a compensatory pathway to better counteract the disease activity. The A2AAR activation significantly reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing those with anti-inflammatory activity suggesting a potential translational use of A2AAR agonists in SLE pharmacological treatment.
GOVONI, Marcello
VARANI, Katia
CUNEO, Antonio
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2403041
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