Metastable states during magnetization reversal in square permalloy rings

The magnetic reversal process in a two-dimensional array of permalloy square rings is presented. Rings of thickness of 25 nm, of lateral size of 2.1 μm, and with ring width of 240 nm were microfabricated using electron-beam lithography and lift-off techniques. Analysis of the diffracted magneto-optical Kerr effect hysteresis loops, magnetic force microscopy images, and micromagnetic simulations show that the magnetization reversal path depends on the direction of the in-plane applied magnetic field. On reducing the field from saturation, for fields along an edge or a diagonal of the square, the “onion” state is the stable state at remanence. In a narrow field range around reversal we find that the reversal occurs via a metastable intermediate state. For fields along the diagonal this intermediate state is a magnetic vortex. When the field is applied along an edge direction the intermediate state is a “horseshoe” state.